Progressive Era Essay - 889 Words

The role and responsibilities of the federal government changed drastically during the Progressive Era and the New Deal. Rapid changes after the Civil War brought on a need for economic, social and political reforms. Before the Progressive Era and the New Deal, the federal government took a very hands-off approach and had little involvement in, and little care for the welfare of the American people. With the Progressive Era and the New Deal, the federal government became more involved and responsive to the public and implemented many revisions and reforms. The Progressive Era was a time of political and economic transformation. The role and responsibilities of the federal government evolved. Reform was necessary because of the changes that†¦show more content†¦Through voluntary and collaborative means, the federal government rallied businesses and the public in support of the war effort. The federal government made political changes on a national level with the Sixteenth, Se venteenth, Eighteenth and Nineteenth Amendments. The Sixteenth Amendment imposed an income tax. The Seventeenth Amendment allowed for the direct election of U.S. Senators. The Eighteenth Amendment established the prohibition of alcoholic beverages and the Nineteenth Amendment prohibited any U.S. citizen from being denied the right to vote based on sex. During the Progressive Era, social reform and cultural changes also occurred. Consumerism was at an all time high. It became a time of economic prosperity. With the introduction of electricity came household appliances. Movies, automobiles, radios, telephones, magazines, and advertising were in the forefront. While consumption prompted the economy in a forward direction, other economic issues arose throughout the country. Agriculture and mining were not prospering. The steel and textile industries were standing idly. The nation also relied too heavily on credit in order to maintain product demand and economic expansion. Lastly, consum er confidence led to over-speculation in stocks. This inevitably led to the Stock Market Crash of 1929, which in turn marked the beginning of the Great Depression. Franklin Delano Roosevelt came into office in 1933 during the depth of the GreatShow MoreRelatedProgressives And The Progressive Era1253 Words   |  6 PagesThe progressive Era was times in History were local state and federal government took a leap forward in power and activism. In addition, the progressive era, was a time of development of new reforms and changes for America. Progressivism handles a wide range of problems and struggle for America. Such problems were created by unstructed industrialization, urbanization and immigration. As well as, the unfavorable distribution of power and wealth. Progressives believed strongly that problems such asRead MoreThe Progressive Era Of The Era1949 Words   |  8 Pagesshaped the United States throughout all of history. The most important of these changes, however, occurred dur ing America’s progressive era. The Progressive era is defined as the time period of 1890 to 1920. Even though, progressive presidents were not in office during that entire time period, the ideals that they enacted and developed throughout the United States. The Progressive Era saw the expansion and contraction of political and economic freedoms through pure democracy. Socially, the new consumerRead MoreThe Progressive Era 938 Words   |  4 PagesThe Progressive Era was a time period between the years 1900-1920 and it marked a time in American history in which society was bursting with enthusiasm to improve life in the industrial age by making political and social changes through government action that ultimately led to a higher quality of life for American citizens. Progressives were known for their beliefs in limiting the power of big business, strengthening the power of the states, and were advocators against corruption and social injusticeRead MoreThe Progressive Era845 Words   |  4 Pages1--Discuss, in detail, the main overall goals of the Progressives. The Progressive Era was mainly a retaliation to numerous changes and social effects that were happening in America. The era emerged in the 1800’s from complications with the latest industrial order, which included workers who protested about how their jobs were unsafe and exhausting. They also focused on byproducts such as immigration, urban growth, growing corporate power, and widening class divisions. They were also known as humanitariansRead MoreThe Progressive Era Of The Revolutionary Era1723 Words   |  7 Pagesthe reformist movement? Why? The root of the Progressive Era comes from the emergence of industrialism in the United States had created some terrible problems and they wanted to work together to change the U.S government. Therefore, address the problems that had come about from the Industrial Revolution. The progressive era was all about making advances in a better society, the feature of democracy during the progressive movement a lot of these progressive at local state levels started to focus on cleaningRead MoreThe Importance Of The Progressive Era1310 Words   |  6 Pages The Progressive era was a time in America’s history when people started to call for the government’s help to face the problems industrialization brought. This era was extremely important because it helped the people achieve better conditions and helped the government to make better use of its powers. One of the most potent groups of progressivists were muckrakers; they used journalism to bring forward problems and injustices in society and the work industry (McKeown). The Triangle Shirtwaist FireRead MoreThe Progressive Movement Of The American Progressive Era1259 Words   |  6 PagesWhen it comes to the American Progressive Era there is really no other movement like it. This was a movement that had not just one but many faces that ranged from people as big as Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson to people like Jane Addams that accomplished so much. It was a movement so broad that it encompassed basically everyone and spoke not just to but for all those excluded from power. It also wasn’t just one big movement but a conglomeration of them varying from social, to economic, toRead More The Progressive Era Essay798 Words   |  4 Pagesall power rested with the politicians and businessmen. Reformers known as Progressives attempted to undo the problems caused by industrialization. The Progressive movement sought to end the influence of large corporations, provide more rights and benefits to wor kers, and end the control possessed by party leaders. At the national level, Progressivism centered on defeating the power of large businesses. The Progressive Era was a period in American history in which improving working conditions, exposingRead More The Progressive Era Essay984 Words   |  4 Pages The Progressive Era nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Progressivism in the United States took place in the period between the Spanish-American War and the entry of the United States into the great World War. It was a time for change in America in all walks of life, as well as a time for reform. It was marked by Theodore Roosevelts 7 and a half years in office, the Rough Rider put it upon himself to make the first strides towards reform. These reforms included the cracking down on illegal monopoliesRead MoreThe During The Progressive Era989 Words   |  4 PagesDuring the Progressive Era, various groups responded to the political, social, and economic woes that resulted from the rapid industrialization and urbanization of America during the 19th Century. The mass immigration of foreigners and the northern migration of Africa-Americans led to urban overcrowding and competition for wage-paying jobs. Electric lighting allowed factories to expand the working hours and increase the output of manufactured goods. There was little regulation for employee welfare

Partition Of Indi The Indian Of Indian Subcontinent

Aryans Transform India: The Aryans moved into India and created a caste system comprised of four main social classes: Brahmins, warriors, peasants or traders, and shudras (non-Aryan laborers or craftspeople). These castes became more complex as purity and cleanliness became more important. Over the next few centuries, Aryan Kingdoms arose, one of them being Magadha. It expanded quickly and occupied almost the entire Indian subcontinent by the second century B.C. Cultural diffusion, described in the Mahabharata, also took place between Aryans and non-Aryans. †¢ Aryans: a group of Indo-European people whose homeland was between the Caspian and Aral Sea. They moved in the Indus River Valley of India around 1500 B.C. A famous piece of literature left by them is called the Vedas. In their language, â€Å"Aryan† meant â€Å"the nobles.† †¢ Vedas: A sacred literature left by the Aryans that displayed an idea of Aryan life. It’s comprised of four collections of prayers, magical spells, and instructions for performing rituals. The Big Veda, the most important part of the collections, contains 1,028 hymns to Aryan gods. In the beginning, the Vedas was passed orally from generation to generation. †¢ Brahmins: a priest in the social caste system. It is among the top of the caste system. Warriors, peasants or traders, and shudras followed this social class. †¢ Castes: the groups of social classes created by the Aryans. The term used to describe them was originally Varna (skin color) but was changed inShow MoreRelatedIncredible India3330 Words   |  14 Pagespopulation and strategic importance, in the last twenty years attributed to economic reforms. Mainland India is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the west, and the Bay of Bengal on the east; and it is bordered by Pakistan to the west; Bhutan, the Peoples Republic of China and Nepal to the north; and Bangladesh and Burma to the east. In the Indian Ocean, mainland India and the Lakshadweep Islands are in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives, while Indias Andaman and

Liner Shipping Free Essays

AN INTRODUCTION TO LINER SHIPPING BUSINESS NATURE AND SCOPE OF LINER SHIPPING BUSINESS: LINER SHIPPING BUSINESS A BRIEF HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE OF SHIPPING THE MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF LINER SERVICE THE MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF TRAMP SERVICE TYPES OF LINER SERVICE OPERATORS THE IMPORTANCE NEED FOR LINER SERVICE LINER TRADE ROUTES A BRIEF HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE OF SHIPPING:The spirit of enquiry – looking beyond the forests, mountains, deserts oceans. The era of explorations European expeditions Discovery of the Americas The Suez and Panama canals and other canals/waterways changed the course of shippingIndustrial Revolution Increase in trade Newer markets and opportunities Large-scale shipping lines only became widespread in the nineteenth century, after the development of the steamship in 1783. Great Britain was the center of development of the shipping line. We will write a custom essay sample on Liner Shipping or any similar topic only for you Order Now In 1819 the first steamship crossing of the Atlantic Ocean took place. By 1833 shipping lines had begun to operate steamships between Britain and British Empire possessions such as India and Canada. Three major British shipping lines were founded in the 1830s: The British and American Steam Navigation Company.The Great Western Steamship Company The Peninsular Steam Navigation Company. HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE 1. Evolution of Shipping as an industry that arose from man’s quest for seeking new frontiers and later on played a major role in world trade.2. Growth of markets from local to neighbouring settlements / villages / towns/cities/countries and continents across the oceans in the 18th century. Seafaring communities could be found all over the world, the Egyptians, the Phoenicians, the Greeks, the Romans, the Norwegians, the British, the Dutch, the Portuguese, the Chinese, the Indians and many more. 3. Discovery of new continents: The Americas and routes to various countries. The major man-made alterations in the geographic landscape that change the world. The Panama canal connected the Atlantic and the Pacific oceans while the Suez canal connected the Mediterranean sea in Europe and the Red Sea in Asia.4. Industrial Revolution and the invention of the steam engine caused a major shift in the way ships operated – wind powered to steam powered. The trade routes moved from being guided by wind and ocean currents to routes chartered by man to countries and continents around the globe. 5. The inter-dependence of people and their produce and the role of ship owners and merchants in the development of new markets overseas.6. The advent of Tramp and Liner Shipping Business as the demands of the merchants and trading community grew during the 19th and 20th to have regular service to destination of their choice that was dependable, reliable, fixed route and timeframe to meet the requirements of their overseas customer.Characteristics of Liner Shipping Tramp* vs Liner Shipping* Dictionary Meaning – vagrant, homeless, vagabondTramp service is driven by demands of the merchant in carrying goods in large quantities to specified location, does not have a fixed schedule or tariff in the sense that the freight rates are negotiable per voyage, Whereas Liner Shipping is driven by demands of the merchant in carrying goods in smaller quantities, that is unitized or break-bulk, on a specified route, operating with a regular schedule, to pre-advertised ports of call and fixed tariff.Types of Liner Service:   Break-bulk – lumber, wood-chips, liquids, grains, crude-oil, over dimension cargo. ? Container or cellular vessel – Containers Roll-on/Roll-off vessel – to carry fully built motor vehicles of all shapes sizes ? LASH (lighter* aboard ship) or Kangaroo ships, lighter transport ships ? Passenger/Luxury Cruise Liner – ferrying people on work or leisure†¢ A lighter is a gearless barge or a small vessel that can carry cargo along rivers waterways to the sea and then can be loaded onto the mother vessel in the port. The Classification of Service Pattern:1. The Feeder service2. RTW or round-the-world3. The Pendulum Service4. Hub and Spoke5. End-to-endReview questions:1. Explain the path of change the sea-borne trade has undergone to reach it present level. Also indicate the factors that influenced the growth of sea-borne trade.2. What is Tramp service?3. Identify the main characteristics of Liner Service4. Draw a comparision between Tramp and Liner Service5. Identify the various types of Liner Service6. How are the Liner Service pattern classified explain. THE MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF TRAMP SERVICE No fixed schedule – the ship calls at ports â€Å"subject to inducement†. Serves customers with large shipments Eg. Ore, coal steel, crude oil, food grains, fertilizers – full shiploads Freight rates are negotiable – No Tariff On a charter – voyage, time or bareboat THE MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF LINER SERVICE: A fleet of ships sailing between pre-advertised port that call at the ports en-route to load/discharge cargo. Maintain a fixed schedule. Offer cargo space to customers irrespective of volume CY/FCL : Full container OR CFS/LCL : Less-than-container load Carry general cargo and/or unitized cargo in ISO containers A pre-deterimined Tariff structure based on port-pair commodity. Large organisation structure –network of office/agents Specified Port rotation for example: Bangkok-Laem Chabang-Ho Chi Minh City-Singapore- Chennai-Singapore–Laem Chabang-Bangkok Fixed schedule:BKK: Sat/Sun LCB: Mon/Mon VICT: Wed/Wed Cat lai: Wed/Thur SIN: Fri/SatMAA: Thur/Fri SIN : Wed/ThursLCB: Sat/SatBKK: Sat/SunROLL-ON/ROLL-OFF LINER SERVICE – HISTORY: At first, wheeled vehicles carried as cargo on ocean going ships were treated like any other cargo. Automobiles had their gas tanks emptied and their batteries disconnected before being hoisted into the ship’s hold, where they were chocked and secured. This process was tedious and difficult, vehicles were subject to damage, and could not be used for routine travel. Landing craft during World War II: Post war, the idea was adopted for merchant ships and short ferry crossings.The first RoRo service crossing the English channel began from Dover (Dover is a town and major ferry port in the county of Kent, in South East England. ) It faces France across the narrowest part of the English Channel†¦. TYPES of Roll on Roll off vessels: ROPAX The acronym ROPAX (roll on/roll off passenger) describes a RORO A ferry is a form of transport, usually a boat or ship, used to carry passengers and their vehicles across a body of water. Ferries are also used to transport freight and even railroad cars †¦. vessel built for freight vehicle transport but also with passenger accommodation.The ConRo vessel is a hybrid between a RORO and a container ship. A RoLo (roll-on lift-off) vessel is another hybrid vessel type with ramps serving vehicle decks but with other cargo decks accessible only by crane. Roll-on/roll-off (Roll on/Roll off) Ships were designed to carry wheeled cargo PCTC – Pure car- carriers or Pure Car /Truck Carriers: While the characteristics of seagoing RORO car ferries have inherent risks, there are benefits to its seaworthiness. For example the car carrier Cougar Ace The Motor ship Cougar Ace is a Singapore-flagged roll-on/roll-off car carrier vessel.The Cougar Ace was built by Kanasashi Co. of Toyohashi, Aichi and launched in June 1993†¦ . listed 80 degrees to its port side in 2006 but did not sink, since its high enclosed sides prevented water from entering. Unlike in the shipping industry where cargo is measured by the metric tonne, RORO cargo is typically measured unit of LIM â€Å"lanes in metres†. This is calculated by multiplying cargo length in metres by its width in lanes (lane width differs from vessel to vessel and there are a number of industry standards). Aboard PCCs cargo capacity is measured in RT or RT 43 units which is based on a 1966 Toyota or by car equivalent units (CEU). THE ERA OF CONTAINERIZATION: As the progress was made in terms of unitization of the goods that is packaging the goods in a suitable manner for proper stowage and safe carriage during a shipment from one country to another the simple box, case, crate, cask or drums, pallets, skids and vans slowly evolved the concept of containerization – container made of steel or aluminum that would make handling of cargo easier. Definition: Containerization is a method of distributing merchandise in a unitized form thereby permitting an intermodal transport system to be developed providing a possible combination of rail, road, canal and maritime transport. For as long as people have been sailing the oceans they have been trading with other countries. The great empires of the world, from the Egyptians to the British Empire, were all built on ocean trade. As far back as 1792, boxes similar to modern containers emerged in England and these were transported with horse and wagon and later moved via rail. The U. S. government used containers during the Second World War.Modern container shipping began in 1956, when Malcolm McLean, a trucking entrepreneur from North Carolina, U. S. bought a steamship company with the idea of transporting entire truck trailers with their cargo still inside. Various companies in the U. S. began to adopt containerisation. In 1966, the vessel Fairland owned by Sea-Land sailed from the U. S. to Rotterdam in the Netherlands with 256 containers. This was the first international voyage of a container ship. During the 1970s container shipping expanded dramatically and ports were established in every continent in the world. This was the beginning of the expansion that made container shipping the backbone of global trade.Transporting goods in large volumes makes it cheaper – ‘economies of scale’ improved and therefore the unit cost of the products became more competitive. Transporting goods by container ship is also better for the environment. It is estimated that on average a container ship emits around 40 times less CO2 than a large freight aircraft and three times less than a heavy truck. Container shipping is also estimated to be two and a half times more energy efficient than rail and 7 times more so than road. Container shipping is different from conventional shipping because it uses ‘containers’ of various sizes – 20 foot (6. 9 m), 40 foot (12. 18 m) , 45 foot (13. 7 m), 48 foot (14. 6 m), and 53 foot (16. 15 m) – to load, transport, and unload goods DEVELOPMENT OF SUITABLE INFRASTRUCTURE: The introduction of containers in shipping also saw the development of infrastructure at the port and the container yards that was required to handle the containers safely with the cargo. A container crane (also container handling gantry crane, ship-to-shore crane ) is a design of large dockside gantry cranes found at container terminals for loading and unloading intermodal containers from container ships.The first use of a container crane was constructed by Paceco Corp. for Matson (a marine terminal in Alameda, CA) in the early 1960s and was called a Portainer. Container cranes consistent of a supporting framework that can traverse the length of a quay or yard, and a moving platform called a â€Å"spreader†. The spreader can be lowered down on top of a container and locks on to the container’s four locking points (â€Å"corner castings†), using a â€Å"twist lock† mechanism. Cranes normally transport a single container at once, however some newer cranes have the capability to up pick upto four 20†² containers at once.A fully maneuverable version not using rails is a rubber tyred gantry crane Containers are generally referred to in te rms of TEU â€Å"Twenty foot equivalent† while the standard size of containers that exist in shipping are for further details the students may refer to the container specifications distributed: CONTAINER TYPES: DRY FREIGHT CONTAINERS INSULATED CONTAINERS REFRIGERATED CONTAINERS BULK CONTAINERS VENTILATED CONTAINERS FLAT RACK PLATFORM CONTAINERS OPEN-TOP CONTAINERS TANKS CONTAINERS SEA CELL CONTAINERS MILITARY CONTAINERS SWAPBODIES HANGER CONTAINERS How to cite Liner Shipping, Papers

Research in Consumer Behavior Customer Service Problems

Question: Describe about a Research in Consumer Behavior for Customer Service Problems? Answer: Introduction In order to achieve the high level of success in the business, the organizations have to understand the requirements of the customers to provide the superior services to them. All the business organizations are trying to understand the behavior of the customers for providing them best services. All types of business organizations are facing huge competitions in the present market as there are many companies with the same types of products or services (Sashi 2012). The competition is running over the rate of customer satisfaction and the companies are trying to get the desired level of success by providing the best customer services among the competitors. The problem is that all the business organizations are not able to provide the services in the extent they are expecting. The reason behind this problem is the failure of understanding the customers requirements. Different reasons of facing problem in providing the customer services will be discussed in this report (Paul and Rana 201 2). Less concentration in the collective information from the customers One of the major reasons of facing problem in providing the superior level of customer service is the lack of concentrating in the collective information from the customers. According to Hawkins (2012), it is impossible to predict what the customers are actually thinking, but it should be assumed by observing the behaviors of the customers. The effective perception about the consumer behavior can be developed by gathering the relevant information from the customers. In this area, the collection of relevant collective information from the customers is very important. The gap regarding the information is very serious problem in the area of customer service. The corporate promotional strategies and normal public relations are not so effective today for collecting the necessary collective information from the customers. The providers are able to watch the customers who are in the store and able to collect the information from them (Chen, Chen and Huang 2012). The problem is that the maxi mum customers of a business organization are in the outside area of the stores. In this scenario, the providers thought that they are collecting the necessary information from the customers are able to understand their perceptions about the organization. In this way, maximum customers are not considered for the collective information. Another problem is that most of the time, the buyers are bothered about collecting the information only about the product and services. According to Belk et al. (2012), an efficient service provider should gather information about all perspectives of their business and services from the customers. In this area, information about different types of policies followed by the business organization, performance standards and the safety standards should be gathered to understand the customer requirements. Do not focusing on the customer specific designs Another important area of the customer service problem is the designing of the products or the strategy used for providing the services to the customers. The scenario of the present market has been changed and the new technologies have been arrived for different sections of the business operations. Therefore, most of the business organizations are focusing on the use of new technologies and innovative ideas for designing the products or providing services to the customers (Sheth 2011). In this area, often the business organizations do not focus on the customers specifications. According to Mooij and Hofstede (2011), before applying any designs, the business organizations should focus on the facts preferred by the customers. In this area, different types of choices may come from the customers end and the business organizations may confused about the choice of the new design. It has been found that the choice of the designs varies over the gender and age of the customers. Therefore, it is not an easy task to develop customer specific designs for the customers. Buyers are unable to follow the user specific designs for all new products or services. In order to competing in the increased market competition, the business organizations are trying to adopt innovative ideas for the designs (Mazaheri, Richard and Laroche 2011). In this area, the business organizations should adopt the specifications of the major customers or in complex situations they can also adopt strategy of designing design types of same products for different types of customers. Customer specific designs should be followed for not only the designs of the new products or services. The business organizations should consider the customers specifications while designing the organizational or business strategy. In this area, the lack of customer specific designing can be seen in most of the organizations. As the main motive of each and every business is to provide the best customer services, they should focus in the customer specifications while developing the marketing and business strategies (Lu 2011). Gaps between the organizational intentions and the customer requirements Sometimes, it can be found that the business organizations fail to meet their desired level of success due the gaps between their intention and the customers requirements. In these types of cases, the customers are unable to understand that the organizations are trying to fulfill their requirements. It happens because of the wrong strategies followed by the business organizations. There is a huge gap between the theories and the practical applications of the customer services. It is very difficult to understand what the customers will like mostly (Haucap and Heimeshoff 2011). The frontline employees of a business organization are responsible for gathering the appropriate details about their perceptions regarding the services provided by the organization. It has been found that the customers feel disturbed for providing feedbacks about the services provided by the business organizations or a the new services they are trying to deliver, where these are gathered for fulfilling their req uirements (Solomon et al. 2014). It happens due to the wrong strategies chosen for the communication. The actual intention of the business organization should be efficiently communicated to the customers. The intention of fulfilling the customers requirements is not enough, the business organizations have to understand the requirements of the customers first and then should select a proper strategy which can be able to meet their intention (Oliver 2014). In this area, the business organizations should develop a strong relationship with their customers. Sometimes this gap is developed due to the inefficient training of the frontline employees. In order to achieve the desired level of success, the business organizations should provide effective training to the frontline employees about how to develop strong relationship with the customers and understand the way of communicating the actual intention of the organizations through their services (Kardes, Cronley and Cline 2014). Gaps between the intention and actual delivery of the services Another big issue of the customer service is the differences between the intention of the organization and the actual products or services delivered by them. It happens due to the ineffectiveness on developing the perceived product or services by the business organizations. It has been found that many business organizations has the intention of providing one type of service but the services does not meet the requirements of their intention. It happens due to the miscommunication among the employees of the organizations (Lantos 2015). In order to omit this gap, the business organization should develop a global strategy transparent to all the employees of the business organizations. All the employees should deliver the same information about the services or products. In order to do this, the business organizations have to provide proper training to all the employees. They should communicate the global objectives of the business and the effective way of fulfilling the objectives by deli vering the services which are able to meet the actual intention of the organization. In order to provide the services as per the intention of the organization, they should understand the customers satisfaction rate from their services (Cermak, File and Prince 2011). It can be happen that an organization thinks that they are providing the services which are able to fulfill all their intentions but the customers are not happy with the services. These types of incidents are the causes of customer retention and failure of making profit from some specific products or services. This problem should be avoided by the business organization by launching demo product or services for the customers. In this way, they can be able to launch the full range of products by understanding the demand of the customers or after making the necessary changes for fulfilling the customer requirements. Some of the business organizations are using the demo testing strategy for omitting the gap between the inten tion and the reality of the services, but maximum are not using which is a major problem in the area of customer services provided by the organizations (Brodie et al. 2011). Cost constraints or failure to meet the standards which can affect the service quality Cost is the most important fact of providing services to the customers. The customers are interested to get the superior quality products but they are also looking for the fewer pieces of the products. Most of the business organizations are fighting over the prices of the products or services in this intense market competition (Liu, Guo and Lee 2011). It has been found that some of the business organizations have failed to give the better quality of the products for reducing the prices of the products. In order to provide fewer prices of the products, the business organizations are trying to reduce the production costs of the products. This is the reason of failure to meet the standards of the service quality (Wright 2014). Wrong attitudes of the staff The attitudes of the employees are the most important part for providing the services to the customers. The frontline customers of the business organizations are responsible for resolving all the problems of the customers and the queries raised by them. The attitude of the front line employees should be very gentle and the communication skill of these employees should be very good (Lee 2013). Wrong attitudes of the employees are the major cause of the customer retention. The customers should get the effective level support while purchasing from the stores of the business organizations. In case of failure of finding any product in a store, the frontline employees of the stores have the responsibilities of providing effective level of support for finding the products. Every business organizations have their own policies for providing damage services or warranty (Guruswamy 2013). The employees who are associated with these tasks of the organizations have to be very sensible to the custo mers. The policies should be maintained by them but they also consider the situation of the customers. For an example, if one customer comes for exchanging a product after ne two days to the store, the employees should not behave rough with the customer or straight refusing to provide the exchange facility. Rather than straight refusing, the employees should try to understand about the problem of the customer. If proper causes found they should provide the required facilities. Sometimes, these can be causes of little loss in the business but these are good for developing the brand image which can be the cause of great profit in the business of the organizations (Nitzan and Libai 2011). Inefficient training of the employees and supply of the working materials Training is needed in every stage of work for an employee. It helps to improve employee performance by enhancing the required skills related to the employment designation. In the case of customer service, training is an essential part for enhancing the potential of relation within organization and their customers. Customer service section helps customers to deal with their queries, satisfaction as well as dissatisfaction of the company (Hawkins 2012). The organization would reveal significant brand name as well as customer base with proper customer service. Customer service helps employees and the organization to know the requirements of the customers and according to this; they can modify their service and products. In this context, training helps employees to be aware of the demands and behavior of their potent customers. On the other hand appropriate skills for handling different types of customers helps employees to reduce customer lose. However, some organizations, for cutting c osts, skip the training period of employees, some other organizations; do not focus more on providing adequate training to their employees (Mazaheri, Richard and Laroche 2011). As a result, inefficient training would result in poor customer service, thereby affecting negatively to the business. The consequences can include different events. Poor customer service by the inefficient employees can cause most forgiving of customers. Nowadays, customers are becoming more negotiable and more judgmental, having a number of compatible options, they are more prone to switch company based on the customer service provided by the company. Poor customer service by inefficient customers would also indicate loss of future customers with loss of reputation of the company (Oliver 2014). Gaps between the commitment of the sales employees and the actual services Organizations utilize appropriate customer services for satisfying their customers, with good customer service, the company can attract more precious customers. Customers observe if there is any gap within the commitment offered by the customer care service of an organization and the actual customer service provided by them. This gap identification can affect the organization negatively by enhancing customers dissatisfaction and attraction towards other similar alternatives in the market. One of the potent reasons behind these kinds of gaps is inadequate or inefficient communication within the sales persons and the customers (Wright 2014). Guruswamy (2013) reported that, for lack of training, sales persons sometimes become unable to resolve customers issues with product purchase or other services. When customers go with their queries to the customer service centre of the organization, for lack of commitment to their work or dissatisfaction to work or inefficient training the sales pe rsons are unable to make their issues clear, as a result, they become dissatisfied with the company. It can affect the productivity of the company as a whole (Sheth 2011). As the company is not meeting the commitment provided by their employees to the customers, it would promote the loss of customers and thereby reducing sales and productivity. Some company uses word of mouth communication as a tool of advertisements and promotions of their products or services, but when they deliver products, these do not match their committed features, resulting in customer dissatisfaction (Paul and Rana 2012). Conclusion After completing this report, it can be concluded that the best customer services can be provided by understanding the actual requirements of the customers and the perceptions of them. In this area, there are some potential gaps between the intentions of the business organizations and the requirements of the customers. Sometimes, it also has been found that the business organizations are intending to fulfill the requirements of the customers, but the strategies are wrong or they are unable to communicate this intention to their customers. The attitudes of the workers are very important for satisfying the customers. In this area, the frontline employees should have effective level of training from the management of the business organizations. The business organizations should keep the commitment made before providing the services to the customers. Important issues regarding the customer service providing by the business organizations have been discussed in this report and it can be co ncluded that the business organizations will be able to provide the best customer services by avoiding the discussed issues. References Belk, R.W., Askegaard, S. and Scott, L. eds., 2012.Research in consumer behavior. Emerald Group Publishing. Brodie, R.J., Hollebeek, L.D., Juric, B. and Ilic, A., 2011. Customer engagement: conceptual domain, fundamental propositions, and implications for research.Journal of Service Research, p.1094670511411703. Cermak, D.S., File, K.M. and Prince, R.A., 2011. Customer participation in service specification and delivery.Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR),10(2), pp.90-97. Chen, C.C., Chen, P.K. and Huang, C.E., 2012. Brands and consumer behavior.Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal,40(1), pp.105-114. De Mooij, M. and Hofstede, G., 2011. Cross-cultural consumer behavior: A review of research findings.Journal of International Consumer Marketing,23(3-4), pp.181-192. Guruswamy, M., 2013. Online Shopping Habits and Consumer Behavior. Haucap, J. and Heimeshoff, U., 2011. Consumer behavior towards on-net/off-net price differentiation.Telecommunications Policy,35(4), pp.325-332. Hawkins, M., 2012. Consumer Behavior. Kardes, F., Cronley, M. and Cline, T., 2014.Consumer behavior. Cengage Learning. Lantos, G.P., 2015.Consumer behavior in action: Real-life applications for marketing managers. Routledge. Lee, M.K., 2013. Customer Information Sharing Behavior in Social Shopping Communities: A Social Capital Perspective. Liu, C.T., Guo, Y.M. and Lee, C.H., 2011. The effects of relationship quality and switching barriers on customer loyalty.International Journal of Information Management,31(1), pp.71-79. Lu, P.X., 2011.Elite China: luxury consumer behavior in China. John Wiley Sons. Mazaheri, E., Richard, M.O. and Laroche, M., 2011. Online consumer behavior: Comparing Canadian and Chinese website visitors.Journal of Business Research,64(9), pp.958-965. Nitzan, I. and Libai, B., 2011. Social effects on customer retention.Journal of Marketing,75(6), pp.24-38. Oliver, R.L., 2014.Satisfaction: A behavioral perspective on the consumer. Routledge. Paul, J. and Rana, J., 2012. Consumer behavior and purchase intention for organic food.Journal of Consumer Marketing,29(6), pp.412-422. Sashi, C.M., 2012. Customer engagement, buyer-seller relationships, and social media.Management decision,50(2), pp.253-272.

Death of a salesman by Arthur Miller Essay Example

Death of a salesman by Arthur Miller Essay Intro: Morning The death of salesman comes to an end when Wily loan commits suicide, who is to blame for Willis destruction? Wily is to blame for his destruction by the way he lives his life in denial and with arrogance, the arrogance and Jealousy inside Wilily brings him down in the play. The American dream that Wily chases is also to blame but its Wily who decides to follow this lifestyle, which only leads him to guilt and depression. The play teaches us about an individual that leads himself to self- destruction by being arrogant and living in denial. Wily is seen as egotistical in the lay especially after Charley his neighbor offers him a Job; Wily being offended by this declines the offer not only once but twice. Wily speaks l cant work for you, thats all, dont ask me why. This is Wily admitting he will never work for Charley. Charley loans Wily money whilst he doesnt have a Job, Wily is happy to take Charley money but doesnt want to work under Charley. Although he takes the money Wily is Jealous of the life Charley lives. Just as charley gives Wily the money, he is quoted saying muff been Jealous of me all your life, you damned fool. Here, pay your insurance. This shows Wily who is trying to obtain a high standard of living while doing nothing constructive. This is how he is envious of people who are higher than him but will never work for or under them to start of with. The reason for this is because Wily sees the only ideal life is living the great American dream. Wily sees the American dream within his neighbor Charley and his brother Ben who also tells Wily to enter the Jungle. We will write a custom essay sample on Death of a salesman by Arthur Miller specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Death of a salesman by Arthur Miller specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Death of a salesman by Arthur Miller specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer This idea of the Jungle represents a interesting and exciting life, by stepping out into he Jungle Wily is obtaining a dangerous challenge that when overcome he can become rich and wealthy, like Ben his brother. This is how Wily arrogance keeps him out of work and leaves him to feel he has failed as a man. Wily lives his whole life in denial and his pride makes him believe he was liked and popular. Which is evident in act one, he said: They know me boys, they know me up and down New England. This is Willies arrogance making him believe that everyone knows him. Wily also lies to him self to make him believe that he has friends and is a high figure in society. This is apparent in act one, when he quotes Cause one thing, boys I have friends. I can park my car in any street in New England, and the cops protect it like their own. This is Wily living his life in denial and arrogance, this makes the realization harder and destroys him when he later comes to realism the true reality of his life it destroys him. This indicates Willis arrogance and his denial towards his work and life. , Which eventually leads to Willis destruction. Wily leads a guilty life. The Death of a Salesman illustrates us on how Wily Loans guilt leads him to an unhappy relationship with his family. Wily is left feeling guilty after his son biff caught him having an affair with another woman. Now look Biff, when you grow up youll understand about these things. You mustnt overemphasized a thing like this. This is Wily trying to explain to his son about life and trying to say that its normal to cheat and be unfaithful, this all ties together how Wily lives a life of denial and how he tells himself things to make himself believe that its okay to do these things. Biff makes his father feel guilty as he leaves he screams muff fake! You phony little fake! You fake! the repetition brings out what biff is emphasizing about the lies Wily lives, Biff storms off out of the room. This turns into Biff never forgetting what his father did and hating his father for it. Wily also feels guilty towards his loyal loving wife that he cheated on. He comes into the room Will you stop mending stocking? At least while Im in the house. It gets me nervous please! The stockings in the play are seen as a symbol for heartache. Wily constantly gave his mistress stocking, so whenever Wily sees the stocking its a reminder of how he should have given the stocking to his loyal wife. Symbolism is one technique Arthur Miller uses in the play to underline Willies mistakes and approach to life. This relationship failures lead to Wily taking his life. Conclusion Everyone has choices in life and Wily loan took the wrong path in life with both his family and Job. What if Wily didnt cheat on his wife? What if Wily had a strong family relationship with his boys? What if Wily wasnt Jealous of the people around him? What if Wily loan took the Job he was offered? What if Wily Didnt takes is life? All this is Why Wily Loan is to blame for his destruction? Apishly Main

Geothermal Systems essays

Geothermal Systems essays Geothermal systems are one of the most efficient ways to heat and cool a home and provide hot water. It is one of the most cost-effective and longest-lasting heating and cooling systems on the market today. Also known as underground-source heat pumps, geothermal systems provide many benefits to a homeowner. Some of these benefits include that they are cost effective, very durable, are low maintenance, can offer year long comfort, and have a very low environmental impact. Almost everyone likes to save money. Geothermal systems save money in operating and maintenance costs. While the initial price of a geothermal system is often higher than a gas-fired furnace and central air-conditioning system, it is more efficient, thereby saving money every month. Geothermal systems are also equipped with a device called a "desuperheater" that can heat the household water. In the summer, the heat that is taken from the house is used to heat the water for free. In the winter, water heating costs are reduced by about half. On average, a three ton unit can cost about $7,500. The geothermal system's high efficiency usually means much lower utility bills, which almost everyone would like to have. Geothermal systems are also very durable. They typically last twenty years or more. They may even come with twenty-five to fifty year warranties. Geothermal systems last a long time because the machinery is sheltered underground from items like leaves or dirt. This is one reason why they are highly reliable. Another benefit of geothermal systems is that they require very little maintenance. Geothermal systems have fewer maintenance requirements than most other systems. When properly installed, the underground components are practically worry free. The machinery in the home is also easily accessible. This helps to increase its convenience and ensure that the little maintenance that needs to be performed is done ...

Fundementals of computers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Fundementals of computers - Essay Example The very aspect to frame the problem domain into effective planning is the key element one learns for fetching the large project scenario. The critical aspects of planning and designing the definite and thoughtful steps would make sure to widen ones thinking skills to bring an ability to predict an event before it actually occurs. The decision making abilities are promoted to a large extent as one needs to make crucial decisions with regard to the right methodology to solve a problem with an algorithm and reduce complexity at every cost. The knowledge would facilitate even further in understanding the computer science subject as a whole to design the various mechanisms to handle the computers activity domain and its intelligence in handling the various resources required. The knowledge of operating systems would help one to understand the various dependencies of the programs and the amount of integration achieved by computer science. It also helps one to learn the various platform issues the computer hardware and software requires binding itself for the running of application programs. The knowledge of operating systems helps one to understand the difference between the large programs and ancillary programs of a computer system. The large programs accommodate the working of aligned programs and one gets to visualize and grasp knowledge of the successful aggregation of such programs for achieving the objective. The knowledge of ancillary programs would make sure that the various integrations of the programs are handled well. The focus is on high penetration of thought process in framing better problem domain and solving abilities. The database systems are a branch of computer science that facilitates the knowledge to transform the storage of raw data into a retrieval format. It transforms ones knowledge to learn the use of data, to understand the various data structures involved, to measure up the definitions of

Externalities Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Externalities - Assignment Example Externalities Before considering the five questions we must first recognize that the example of gas emission by a local power plant is that of a negative externality. This is because emissions of such gases cause pollution which is harmful for humans, animals and plants. Although the society is not involved in the emission of these gases but it has to bear the costs (Perloff 2003). Hence the given example is a perfect case of a negative externality. 1. Although there are a number of ways to combat the negative externality, a policy maker must carefully decide on a policy before implementing it. There are a few costs and benefits of each policy and the policy maker should first carry out a Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA) of all the alternative policies before their final decision. Blinder (1987) has the following to say about solving the negative externality problem: â€Å"Especially when faced with environmental externalities, economists have almost universally objected to government re gulations that mandate specific technologies (especially â€Å"best-available technology†) or business practices. These approaches make environmental cleanup much more expensive than it has to be because the cost of reducing pollution varies widely from firm to firm and from industry to industry. A more efficient solution is to issue tradable â€Å"pollution permits† that add up to the target level of emissions. Sources able to cheaply curtail their negative externalities would drastically cut back, selling their permits to less flexible polluters.† Another solution proposed by Coase (1960 in his Coase Theorem is: â€Å"Under perfect competition, once government has assigned clearly defined property rights in contested resources and as long as transactions costs are negligible, private parties that generate or are affected by externalities will negotiate voluntary agreements that lead to the socially optimal resource allocation and output mix regardless of how t he property rights are assigned† Hence the two possible policies that a policy maker can adopt are using tradable pollution permits or government defined property rights. 2. In the first policy the government will give licenses to firms to pollute. Each license will specify the level of pollution allowed to the firm. Depending on its level of pollution a firm can buy a certain license. Firms that pollute less than the permissible level can trade their license with those firms who cannot keep their pollution levels low. In this way firms are given an incentive to pollute less (Bamford, Brunskill, Cain, Grant, Munday, Walton 2002). The second policy assumes that there are negligible transactions costs. According to Sloman (2007) making someone the owner of the air around the power plant eliminates the effect of a negative externality. Here the two parties involved are the power plant producing the negative externality and the society living in the vicinity of the power plant tha t is affected by the emissions. If the power plant owns property rights to the air then the society pays the power plant to reduce pollution by lowering its production to the optimal level. However if the society is the owner then the power plant will have to pay compensating money to the society for the pollution they cause by increasing production from the optimal level. 3. If the policy maker implements the tradable permits for gases emission it will have benefits for the power plant and government apart from reduced

Critique of Quantitative Methods Journal Paper Essay - 1

Critique of Quantitative Methods Journal Paper - Essay Example d in this regard that motivation is one of the key factors, which facilitates people to perform better for attaining their respective desired targets. Besides, modern organisations, in order to withstand in this competitive business world, are viewed to remain continuously engaged in making substantial changes in their policies, which lead towards raising the issue of distress amid the employees. In this respect, the article mainly drawn the framework of ‘transactional stress theory’ in order to evaluate the effectiveness of ‘affect-based model’ of ‘developmental job experience’ (DJE) through which both positive as well as negative outcomes of an individual could be measured (Dong & et. al., 2014). Correspondingly, the essay will critically interpret and evaluate the provided quantitative article, which is mainly concerned about determining the significance of an ‘affect-based model’ of ‘developmental job experience’ as well as the buffering effects of emotional intelligence. DJE refers to the experiences that an individual needs to carry for meeting the demands of the changing working assignment. This will certain provide them a significant opportunity of learning and enriching their inhaled competency of leadership in respect of knowledge, decision making skills, insightfulness and most vitally interpersonal capability (McCauley & Brutus, 2008). This particular approach i.e. DJE has been used by certain renowned organisations including IBM and NASA among others with the aim of developing on-the-job learning procedure of their respective employees. Based on this notion, it can be asserted that the approach aids in advancing the potential skills of the employees, which eventually result in making them high productive. In order to develop overall organisational competency, enhancing the employees’ skills and reducing the unwanted costs are quite important for any organisation in order to gain long-term success. It is often observed that most

Industrial building and copper material

Industrial building and copper material 1.Introduction â€Å"I grow more intense as I age.† (Florida Scott-Maxwell) Copper is one of the most durable and aesthetically pleasing roofing and cladding options available for domestic to bigger commercial and industrial buildings. The copper forms a protective barrier around it as soon as it reacts to the atmosphere. This allows the material to improve and to stand against the test of time. 2. Aim The aim of this report is to introduce the reader to copper as a roofing material in the building industry. Standing seam copper roofing and cladding to multi-storey buildings will be the focus of this report. 3. Why copper? Copper is used in the building industry because of its durability and the ease of instalment and workability. A properly installed copper roof will outlast other types of roofing systems. Copper is 100%recyclableand does not lose any quality whether in a raw state or after it was used as a manufactured product. According to the Copper Development Association (CDA. 2010), copper is one of the most recycled metals, roughly 80% of the copper ever mined is still used in some form today. 4. History of copper roofs Copper has been a very important material to man since ancient times. So much so that one of the main stages of mankinds history is named after a copper alloy, bronze-age. Copper and its many alloys have had a vital role in many civilizations. In the Roman period it was mined in Cyprus, this resulted to the metal being named Cyprium, this name was later shortened to Cuprum and ultimately we know it in English as copper. Today, most copper is mined from open cast mines around the world. The copper is extracted from smelting large amounts of copper ore, before being refined to the copper we use and know. In the early 18th century about 90% of the worlds copper was smelted in South Wales (COPPER Africa. 2010). Copper has been used as a waterproof roofing material since ancient times. It can be seen on roofs and domes on todays buildings. It is recognizable by its greenish colour. This colouring is because of the atmosphere reacting with the copper to form a protective barrier against corrosion around it. Initially, exposed Copper atoms react with the air to form the pink oxide, this is called cuprite. This slowly oxidizes more to the black oxide, called tenorite. When this black oxide gets wet it reacts with sulfur dioxide and carbon dioxide from the air to ultimately form the patina, which gives it a green glimmer. Technology and improved techniques make copper the perfect building material for roofing, cladding and the accessories going with roofing systems. More and more pre-fabricated copper products on the market have reduced the cost and this enabled copper to be used in more buildings than in the past. 5. Types of roofing systems. Copper roofs have been known to last for over 700 years; the substructure rather than the copper itself ultimately fails. The ductility and malleability of copper allows it to form over irregular roof forms and structures. Domes and other curved roof shapes are a speciality when it comes to copper. New tools and construction methods have been introduced that give support to the quick, correct, and cost-effective installation of copper roofs. Types of copper roofing systems include: 5.1. Standing Seam Roofing Standing seam, the most common system, roofing consists of pre-fabricated or in-situ formed pans. The copper pans and are joined together with double locked standing seams. Copper cleats lock into these seams to fix the roofing to the base structure. This method prevents the pans or sheets from slipping down the roof. 5.2. Batten Seam Roofing Batten seam roofing consists of copper pans that runs parallel to the angle of the roof and is separated by wood battens. The battens are then covered with copper copings that are fixed to the battens. These copings lock the loose pans into adjacent pans. 5.3. Chevron Roofing A common Chevron roof design is based on normal batten seam construction, but secondary battens are fixed to the roof. These extra battens are purely decorative and do not add to the functionality or structure of the roof. 5.4. Flat Seam Roofing Flat seam roofing systems are generally used on roofs that are flat or have a very low pitch. Flat seam roofing is constructed of rectangular copper sheets. Two neighbouring sides of the sheets are folded over and two are folded under to lock them in place. Copper cleats are then installed seams to make the roof waterproof. 5.5. Horizontal Seam Roofing Horizontal seam roofs consist of copper pans that run horizontally across the roof pitch. At each fixing point or edge a step is used to allow neighbouring pans to lock successfully. 5.6. Mansard Roofing A Mansard roof is, based and is very similar to standing seam or batten seam construction. 6. Standing Seam Copper Roofing and Cladding Standing seam, the most common system, roofing consists of pre-fabricated or in-situ formed pans. The pans and are joined together with double locked standing seams. Copper cleats lock into these seams to fix the roofing to the base structure. This method prevents the pans or sheets from slipping down the roof. When preformed copper pans are used, they are joined at the top and lower ends by slanting seams. In-situ formed pans involve the use of copper sheets on rolls which are shaped into pans by electrical pan formers. This allows one to form long, continuous pans, this eliminates the need for seams, but if this method is used, one must allow for expansion joints due to the expansion and contraction properties of the copper. 6.1. General design considerations 6.1.1. High Winds In areas where high winds occur, the roof design must be evaluated to make sure the roof can resist the wind forces. High winds can put great positive or negative pressures on roofs, especially the edges, so the detailing must ensure that the roof is secure. 6.1.2. Heavy Rain Where heavy rain is likely, the designer must give allot of thought and attention to the slope, seam details, valleys, gutters and downpipes of the roof. The seam heights can be adjusted if it is necessary. 6.1.3. Ice and Snow In areas where there is allot of ice and snow, the designer should make provision for the loads that act on the roof from the weight of the snow or ice. Increasing the slope so that the snow can slide of the roof must be considered. 6.1.4. Temperature Range When the temperature fluctuates, the copper and any adjacent materials will expand and contract in different ways. This should be taken into consideration. This is important when installing components with potential limits to movement in one direction. 6.1.5. Building Orientation Consideration should be given to the relationships between the roof and the direction wind, rain, and sun. The issues discussed above will depend on the orientation of the building. 6.1.6. Staining Staining occurs when water that was in contact with the copper runs of and gets absorbed by other materials. Staining of the other materials can be avoided with good design. Copper salts form on the surface of a copper sheet due to the natural weathering of copper. When these salts are mixed with rain water and the water run on to other materials, it will cause the typical green stains. To prevent such stains, the designer must take all option into consideration to prevent run-off onto other adjacent materials. One can use a clear, silicon-based finish on cement surfaces to help protect the surface during the first and most harsh weathering of the copper. 6.1.7. Patination The natural weathering process that leads to the green patina to form on the exposed copper takes allot of years. There are processes available to speed up this process. 6.2. Material 6.2.1. Types of copper in the building industry Copper in the building industry is 99.9 % pure copper. There are three different types of copper used in the building industry, namely: 6.2.1.1. Deoxidized copper This is copper that contains no oxygen. It is used in plumbing applications where welding is required or for engineering purposes. 6.2.1.2. Fire refined tough pitch copper This copper contains oxygen and is stronger than deoxidized copper. It has higher thermal and electrical conductivity and has a higher resistance to corrosion than deoxidized copper. This type of copper is used mainly for roof and cladding applications. 6.2.1.3. Electrolytic tough pitch copper This copper contains fewer impurities than fire refined tough pitch copper and is used for electrical conductors because of its high. 6.2.1.4. Lead-Coated Copper Lead-coated copper is a strong, lightweight, durable and easy to install, gray metal finish option of copper. It does not add to the life of a copper roof, but it provided another colour to architectural copper applications. In-addition, the gray finish offers a solution to the staining issue. The run-off of this metal is less than that of conventional copper, and it doesnt stain the other materials. 6.2.2. Hardness in Copper Sheets 6.2.2.1. Quarter-hard is defined by its ability to be bent back onto itself along the grain boundary without breaking. 6.2.2.2. Half-hard can be bent 90 °. 6.2.2.3. Soft is good for decorative applications. The hardness of the metal determines the application. If your copper project involves supporting any kind of weight, stick to harder tempers. 6.2.3. Cold Rolled Copper Sheets Copper comes in many forms and strengths. It is very important to specify the correct grading and type of copper to be used with the specific application. Copper used for a standing seam roofing system comes as a sheet, rolled up in a spool, called roofing copper (Copalcor). The width of the sheet is 600mm and comes in thicknesses of 0.50 to 0.70mm. 6.2.4. Corrosion Resistance Copper does not respond to water, but it gradually reacts with the oxygen in the atmosphere. This results in a brown-black copper oxide deposit forming on the surface. This creates a protective layer on the surface that prevents the copper against additional corrosion. Verdigris, a green layer of copper carbonate can be seen on aged copper constructions, like on the Statue of Liberty. 6.2.5. Electrical and Thermal Conductivity Copper and its alloys are excellent conductors of electricity and heat. Copper is the most common of all metals in these applications because of its great properties. Copper alloys have less electrical and thermal conductivity than pure copper. 6.2.6. Ease of Fabrication Copper can be shaped to the required form and dimensions by any of the common fabricating processes. It is normally rolled, pressed, extruded, forged and formed at high temperatures. 6.2.7. Joining Mechanical fasteners, such as screws, bolts, and rivets are the simplest joining method. They typically do not need specific tools for installation, and it can be taken apart and be reassembled again. Adhesives can also be used in some applications. The strength and reliability of the bond depends on the surface preparation, adhesive selection, and the design of the joint. The three common ways of joining copper and alloys are soldering, brazing, and welding. Where a water tight seal is required, soldering may be used. Lead or tin-based filler metals are typically used. Soldered joints typically depend on mechanical fasteners for strength. This method is used for sealing joints in gutters, roofing, and flashings. Because the filler material does not match copper in colour, soldering should just be used in hidden joints. Brazing is the most preferred method for joining copper pipes and tubes. Colour matching is a problem again. The final metallurgical joining method, welding, is seldom used with copper. Welding uses high temperature or pressure to fuse the metals together. 6.2.8. Finishes There are three generic categories of finishes for copper alloys. 6.2.8.1. Mechanical treatments Mechanical treatments are finishes that are typically applied at the shop by mechanical means. They usually affect only the surface of the copper. There are five standard mechanical designated finishes: * As Fabricated: This is the finish after its production process, such as rolling, extrusion, or casting. * Buffed: Polishing the copper to a smooth, mirror-like appearance. This is the brightest mechanical finish available. * Directional Textured: Wheel or belt polishing with fine aggregates is required for this finish and results in a continuous pattern of very fine, almost parallel scratches. * Non-directional Textured: This matte finish is mainly used on castings. The copper is usually sandblasted to achieve a certain degree of roughness. * Patterned: A process in which a copper alloy sheet is pressed between two rolls to produce a pattern. 6.2.8.2. Chemical treatments 6.2.8.3. Coatings. 6.3. Preparation 6.3.1. Surface Preparation The surface preparation is the same for all copper roofing systems. The surface must be dry, smooth and free from any sharp edges or objects like nails or screws. 6.3.2. Supporting Substrate Standing seam roofing and cladding requires the installation of a backing substructure that support the copper finish layer, This substrate usually consists of 20 – 22mm S.A.P tongue and grooved boarding fixed to the main structure. However, any substrate can be installed, as long as the copper has the necessary support. Other backing options include: * Chipboard * Plywood This decking can be fixed to any main structure like steel or concrete. The design must, however, provide for the installation and fixing of the wood substrate. 6.3.3. Fastening the pans to the substrate There are three ways of fixing the copper sheets to the substrate namely: 6.3.3.1. Cleating This is the most frequently used fixing method, because it allows the copper to move, because of expansion and compression under different temperatures. Cleating minimizes the potential for buckling. The cleats are usually spaced at a minimum of 600mm centre to centre and are fixed to the substructure with 2.8 x 22 mm copper clout-headed nails. 6.3.3.2. Nailing Nails are used to fix the cleats to the substrate or in special cases where no movement is wanted, usually at base flashing or at eave strips. Only one edge of a strip should be nailed, to allow movement at the other end of the stip. All nails should be flathead, wire slating nails made from hard copper, brass, or bronze. 6.3.3.3. Screwing This method is used where the copper must be held in place, such as at a ridge cap in areas with high winds. It is also used to secure copper to brickwork. Screws must have a wide or big head to prevent the screw from cutting into the copper. Lead washers may be used for additional protection. Where the screw must be water tight, a small copper cap is soldered over the screw head. All fasteners must be of copper or copper alloys to prevent the different materials to react with each other and speed up the corrosion process. 6.3.4. Roofing Felt The entire surface should be covered with an accepted and properly specified underlay material secured to the decking with copper clout nails. The underlay, which is usually soaked roofing felt, acts as a pillow, as well as providing temporary weather protection for the roof deck. A sheet of building paper must be applied over the felt. Some roofing felt contains tarmac and, because copper conduct heat, the rising temperatures can cause the tarmac to melt and bond the copper to the roofing felt. This restricts the movement of the copper roof and can result in the failure of the system. The building paper acts as a slip sheet to prevent such bonding. 6.4. Equipment and Tools 6.4.1. Pan formers and seamers A wide selection of power pan formers and power seamers are available to help with the construction of copper roofs. Power pan formers can take flat sheets of copper and make standing seam roofing pans on site. The machines form high quality, consistent pans in any length. The length is only limited by the contractors ability to transport and handle the material. Pan formers can work with various sheet widths and can make pans with varying seam heights. The standing seam is typically 150mm high. Power seamers are used to produce finished standing or batten seams. The seamers clamp onto the sheet of copper and then propel themselves under electrical power to form the seam. They can form seams of almost any length. 6.4.2. Panel curving machine This machine allows the contractor to curve the panels to any radius. Convex or concave forms can be curved. 6.4.3. Gutter forming machine This machine allows the contractor to make gutters on site and install them in workable lengths or sections. 6.5. Construction and Detailing This birds-eye view of a standing seam copper roof shows the basic concept. 6.5.1. Pans Standing seam roofing consists of pre-fabricated or in-situ formed pans. Copper cleats lock into these seams to fix the roofing to the base structure. This method prevents the pans or sheets from slipping down the roof. 0.6 mm Copper sheeting with a width of 600 mm is used to form the pans. The end product is pans of 510 mm wide that is joined by forming a 30 mm double welded standing seam as shown below. 6.5.2. The Standing Seam System 6.5.3. Detail at Parapet Wall A copper coping is attached to the higher edge of copper siding using a single lock seam. This cover extends over the parapet and is fixed into a continuous lock strip that is on the back side of the parapet wall. 6.5.4. Stepped Flashing Detail Stepped flashing is used where a sloped roof meets a masonry wall. A typical example is where a brick chimney rises above a roof. The details shown concentrate on such chimney flashings, but apply to other situations as well. There are two ways of installing stepped flashings. One type uses pieces of copper base flashing installed with each course of shingles. The second, most common type uses a single copper runner under the roof covering. This runner is attached before the roofing material is installed. The roof portion of this runner flashing has a hooked edge and is cleated at 300 mm c.c. The base flashing is extended up the wall a minimum of 170 mm (two bricks). This requires the cap flashing to be in two pieces, a flashing and a counter flashing. This stepped flashing is used on the two sloped sides of the chimney. The lower sides are flashed with a copper apron that covers the roof covering. 6.5.5. Detail at Valley This detail shows an option for resolving the waterproofing at a valley of a standing seam roof. The copper roofing overlaps the valley flashing a minimum of 150mm and is folded and fixed into a continuous copper strip. The locking strip is soldered to the valley flashing. An alternative option is to use a double fold in the valley flashing, as a replacement for of a locking strip. Both methods are shown. 6.5.6. Detail at Hip This detail shows a standing seam of a copper hip roof. This method allows the standing seam to be hidden by a ridge cap which allows for both a clean facade and weather tight seal. 6.5.7. Detail at Gutter The detail shows the recommended method for the installation of a gutter with copper roofs. A copper gutter is supported by a brass bracket. The upper edge of the gutter extends at least 150 mm onto the roof and is folded over and held by cleats at 300 mm c.c. Copper braces at 750 mm centres can be placed at the mid-points between brackets. If the gutter width is more than 150 mm or in areas with ice and snow, brass straps should also be used to increase the strength of the gutter. These must extend at least 150 mm onto the roof. The area around screws and the strap must be soldered to ensure water tightness. 6.5.8. Detail at Ridge Two options of detailing a ridge are shown. The seams are laid to overlap a minimum of 150 mm from the ridge. InDetail 1, a copper ridge cap is used to fix the standing seams along the ridge. The ridge cap is locked into the top edges of the copper pans. This allows for expansion and contraction. InDetail 2, the ridge is created by a wood batten that is cladded with a copper cap. 12.1.1. Detail at Gable 12.1.2. Expansion Great care must be given to the contraction and the expansion of copper due to the thermal characteristics of the material. Detail should always allow for expansion and contraction. 6.6. Maintenance Because of coppers long life as a building material it is exposed to long term pollutants or dirt. The main problem of cleaning copper roofing is that you can permanently stain or damage the copper. The cleaning methods of copper have been perfected over many years. 6.6.1. To remove encrusted dirt deposits The most common cleaning method is to blow the surface with Walnut shell dust at a pressure of about 2 3 bar. This forces the dirt crust to lift off the surface without damaging the copper. 6.6.2. To clean unevenly patinated copper: Use a sponge to clean the copper. Use a mixture of six parts concentrated phosphoric acid to one part concentrated nitric acid diluted by 50 percent distilled water. Leave the acid solution on the copper for one minute. After the minute wash the roof again with a sponge soaked in sodium bicarbonate solution. Rinse of all the acid with fresh water afterwards. Then you apply ammonium oxalate as a second neutralizer to even out any remains left by the first neutralizer. Rinse off with fresh water afterwards and wipe the cleaned copper with a clean cotton cloth until no colour shows on the cloth. Wipe the surface again with a cloth soaked with mineral spirits until no colour shows on the cloth. Apply a thin coat of carnauba wax. When the wax wears off, the copper will start its repatination again. This procedure can be used when you replace sections of a patinated copper roof or when you do an addition to an existing copper roof. Treating the existing copper roof will let the new addition patinate together with the existing roof, resulting in an even colour for both the old and the new roofs. 7. Availability When people think about installing a new roof, copper is not a material that normally comes to mind. Nevertheless, copper has been used on roofs for centuries. The one big disadvantage of copper in South-Africa is that it is expensive and that copper is a material that is stolen and sold for money all around the country. Copper is a good roofing option and there are many locally available manufacturers. One of the biggest suppliers of copper products is Copalcor. â€Å"Copalcor offers solutions incorporating a wide range of rolled, extruded and forged non-ferrous metal products for the local and international market. Through ongoing development and expansion the company maintains its position as a leader in the field of service to South African strategic industries and continues to grow as an exporter worldwide† (Copalcor, 2010) Copper roofing is a very specialized industry and therefore there is not such a wide variety of copper roofing contractors available in South-Africa. A few manufacturers and contactors are: Clotan Steel (Pty) Ltd. Global Roofing Solutions (Pty) Ltd. Cupric Tectonics. 8. Cost Copper is a very expensive building material. Because copper roofs are very expensive compared to conventional tile roofs, the demand of copper roofs is not so high in South-Africa. Copper is considered a specialized roof and is therefore a specialized construction, this makes copper roofing expensive. If you consider that a copper roof will outlast almost any other roof and that copper is 100% recyclable, it will be a good investment or addition to any building. It requires almost no maintenance that keeps the cost down. The initial cost for the construction and installation of a copper roof is high but the advantages over shadow the price of the roof. 9. Case study 9.1. Freedom Park //hapo Museum Category: Culture Location: Pretoria, South-Africa Architect: Office of Collaborative Architects GAPP Architects / Urban Designers; Mashabane Rose Associates; MMA Architects, Johannesburg, South Africa Design Architect: Jeremy Rose Project Architect: Dieter Brandt 9.1.1. Project Description The vision for //hapo (the dream), an interpretive centre and Pan-African archive, was to provide an interactive exhibition space which would convey the history of South Africa over 3.6 billion years. The faà §ade of the building is completely clad with copper sheeting. Frans du Toit, managing director of Cupric Tectronics, said that Freedom Park is the first copper-clad building of its size in South Africa. â€Å"Installing the roof sheeting was challenging because there are so many detailed design elements,† says du Toit. â€Å"We used a specialised machine that rolled the copper into long, straight sheets that were placed directly onto the building.† The contractor had to change their normal installation methods to suit the specific needs of the design. Because there are almost no straight lines, the installation had some degree of difficulty. Copper, which fades over time and is already showing visible colour differences on the facade of Freedom Park, was chosen for a number of reasons. Dieter Brandt says that: â€Å"Copper is an African resource,† â€Å"The idea is that the material will age over time and the patina gives a sense of ancientness. We wanted a material with monochromatic feel and we needed a material to blend in with the brickwork that is typical to Salvokop rail village. The metaphor of boulders is enhanced by the varying stages at which the weathering of each copper-clad boulder that is exposed to prevailing weather takes place,† says Brandt. 9.1.2. Construction The specialists in copper roofing and cladding, Cupric Tectonics, used 70 tonnes of copper on the roof and side cladding of the building. The 0.6 mm copper sheets was profiled and installed on site, directly on the building. Over 9000 m2 of area was covered with copper supplied by Copalcor. The material is 99% pure phosphorous deoxidized copper alloy. (ASTM B152C 12200 half hard copper). A team of 16 well trained specialists worked on the project to complete the copper installations to the building. This was done to ensure that the long pans did not bend out of shape before it could be installed. The copper forms a natural wave like look, also known as â€Å"oil canning†. A state of the art Schlebach manufactured Quadro and profile machine was used to form the pans of the building. The machine was placed on the scaffolding so that the pans could be placed directly on the building for installation. The method used to install the copper to the building is called double standing seam system. This system is based on concealed fixing which means that there is no fixing through the sheets ensuring a water tight seal that will last for many years Due to the size of the building and because the copper pans are formed on site, large pans could be made and fitted directly onto the building. On site, pans are formed by using copper in flat sheets on rolls which are bent into pans by electrical pan formers. Long pans can be made that eliminates the need for transverse seams. Long Pan construction details are designed to accommodate for the movement as a result of the expansion and contraction over long spans of copper sheets. The points of stress relief are typically accommodated at eaves, transverse joints (if any), and ridge and base conditions by ensuring that the copper sheet is provided with proper clearances and is secured by expansion fastening devices that will not obstruct thermal Particular building dynamics should be considered before specific copper details are designed. Building expansion joints must be accommodated and properly detailed. Also, building orientation should be taken into consideration. A north sloping roof, for example, will gain more heat than a south sloping roof. All roof penetrations should allow for expansion in the same amounts as the roof panels, voids or spaces should be filled with loose insulation or compressible joint filler 10. Conclusion Copper has been use as a roofing material since ancient times. Technology and improved techniques make copper the perfect building material for roofing, cladding and the accessories going with roofing systems. More and more pre-fabricated copper products on the market have reduced the cost and this enabled copper to be used in more buildings than in the past. Standing Seam Construction offers many advantages. The greatest advantages are that it creates a water tight seal because of no sheets are penetrated with concealed fixing and this allows for fast construction that reduces labour costs. Copper Standing Seam construction is a long lasting roof construction with a life time of changing aesthetics.

Human Creativity and Spirit :: History Essays

Human Creativity and Spirit ABSTRACT: Values provide evidence of spirit in human life. Spirit is a creative mental force for realizing values, a force which shows signs of a superindividual growth and decline, a life of its own. This paper documents the historic rise and decline of several waves of human creativity. I also consider possible factors that would account for the rise and fall: the presence of new material, social encouragement and/or patronage, temperamental egotism on the part of creators, the attraction of pioneering talent, or a collective or superindividual spirit. Evidence for the life and character of spirit is furnished by the historical rise and fall of waves of human creativity. Examples of such waves are classical music, the Italian Renaissance, the German Renaissance, Greek philosophy, Christianity, modern science. The concept of spirit is meaningful. Our experience of value requires it. What are the sources of value? What gives them their authority? Reason, social conditioning, biological drives based on natural selection have all been proposed as sources. There is a great deal of truth in these proposals. However, reflection convinces us that none of these sources is alone sufficient, and even the three working together are not enough to account for all the values that motivate us. We shall support this conviction by argument in due course. Spirit is a hypothesis, as yet in early stages of definition, which provides a ground for otherwise unaccountable value phenomena. What is spirit? Negatively defined, spirit is a susceptibility to values that motivate us through our minds but need no rational foundation, outstrip and overpower socialization, and have no findable relation to species survival. Positively defined, spirit is a creative mental force for realizing values, a force which lives in us as individuals and which shows signs of a super-individual growth and decline, a life of its own. In this paper I search for the nature of spirit and its values in a wide-optic synthesis of waves of creation. As this synoptic view must range over many specialties, it is bound to raise doubts and objections in the minds of specialists. One cannot be a specialist in all the fields I shall discuss; as the same time, someone must take an overall view. Nothing is more obvious than that unrelieved specialization leads to loss of coordination and direction; the community of scholars is replaced by a collection of quarrelsome property owners. I ask specialists to take my communication as something to focus and correct, and I hope it will serve them as a stimulus to panoptic thinking.

Church, Home, Household, Family Essay

It is written in the bible that every house is built by some man but all things are built by God. These words seem to compare the ordinary material house built by man with the great universe of God. This thought was present in the writers mind when he wrote this verse down. The writer remembered that the creative power that is exhibited in every conception of mortal wit and mortal hands presupposes a mightier creative power of which it is derived. If one is to follow the thought of any structure through the hands that built it to the mind of the one who devised and suggested it, one is bound to arrive at last to the Mind which separated light from the darkness and firm land from water. The word house does not only imply a collection of timber and stones, it reminds every individual of the household. To build a house is synonymous with building a family. Every house is built by a particular man but God built all things. Every family has a founder, an individual to whom its origin it refers. Each member of the family feels that their relationship with it is more precious to them in every way than their relationship with the material goods or grounds which are at their possession (Clinton, 1990). They only delight in talking about the goods or grounds as an inheritance. If it was purchased, they trust that those who come after them will inherit it. The ground for national life has been the existence of this feeling of family and its preservation. Wise legislators and moralists have desired to cultivate this conception and feeling and any causes which may have threatened it have seen the certain presages of destruction to laws, morals, and social order. If this family order is of such great importance, can it be assumed that it has no foundation like the one possessed by all creation of man? Does a universal family, which is implied by the presence of particular families, exist? Can it be said that a particular family is founded by God, just like a particular family is founded by man? The whole of the human race belong to God, just like the rest of creation but man is bestowed with greater capacities. Through the scriptures, God revealed to man his purpose and the institution of the church was meant to further this purpose. The church has been identified with dispatching moral codes as required by the scriptures to the most basic of the human associations, the family. As such, the church has had an important role to play in the lives of individuals as well as the moral being of a society. This has however changed with changes in the family structure and the constitution of the church. The role of the church has shifted so much and the society itself has changed. Immorality has been the order of the day and very few individuals see the churches as divine institutions. The relationship between the church and the family has weakened during the modern times and this has led to much moral decay. However, the actual reason why there contemporary society has decayed morally is a subject of much contention and social scientists, religious and secular moralists seem to attribute this phenomenon to various aspects of human nature. What is apparent though is that the relationship between the family and the church has changed and many individuals view the church with much suspicion. The main question that this paper deals with is whether the current moral decay can be attributed to the withering relationship between the family and the church. This paper looks at various materials, both religious and secular in an attempt to answer this question. It particularly argues that even though there are some, other factors which can be attributed to the societal moral decay, the major factor is the deterioration of the family in the church. The church has served very important function in the society, a function which is today becoming obsolete. The family on the other hand has ceased to play the role which it was meant to play traditionally and hence, children grow up with loose values which make them become delinquent youths with no restraint. Families are also so much absorbed into looking for sustenance in this materialistic era to the extent that parents have forgotten that it is their responsibility to pass values to their kids. Very few people no longer have time to go to church as most parents work overtime. These, together with some other factors, have contributed to the decaying morals within the society. It can therefore be said that the failure of families to actively participate in church has partly led to this phenomenon. Men should seek the right way of carrying on their duties as this world belongs to God and he did not leave men to stray. He chose the institution of the church to dispatch the necessary and vital moral codes to the human race. Church as a guide to Humans God chose the church as an instrument through which he can do His work on Earth during the time between the first and second coming of Christ, a period marked with Christ’s physical absence. The church is seen as the body of Christ on Earth and is thus meant to complete the work that he begun in his physical body. As such, the church is the messenger of God on Earth meant to spread the gospel of Christ to the human race. However, in recent times, the human race is characterized by anti-church thinking as many people who claim to be Christians have abandoned the church. The impact has been felt especially in families. The basic human institution is suffering now more than ever. There are increased incidences of absent fathers and single mothers, abandoned children and increased rate of divorce. People have moved away from the church. Many individuals think in terms of themselves and Jesus, a relationship that excludes the Church. Others on the other hand view organized religion as a form of evil. Some modern day prophecy teachers view the church as some kind of emergency measure that has been put by God until he institutes his true Kingdom. None of these views is however correct. The importance of the church cannot be overlooked. It is the kingdom of God in the present time and every individual must actively participate in it. It has been observed that individuals who actively participate in church are healthier than individuals who hardly participate. These individuals observe high moral standards as compared to those who often do not participate in church. The lifestyle of Christians encourages healthy habits and attitudes which have positive effects on the overall morality. When one develops a Christian attitude, it becomes difficult for negative emotions to influence his or her way of life. It is clear that the task of Jesus was to draw men towards God and thus the church was to continue in this task. The teachings of Jesus were of high moral worth and these are what have been taught by the churches. As such, it is important that every family goes to church so as to acquire those values that Jesus Christ worked to reveal to human beings. With a negative attitude towards the church, it becomes difficult for any moral principles to be furthered as men are naturally inclined towards evil. However, there are some arguments to the effect that men have the capacity to be moral regardless of whether they go to church or not. Church and Family: Historical Background A new pattern of relationship between religion and family was ushered in by the reformation. It was required that an individual make a voluntary and personal decision to embrace the official doctrines of a particular church and to take part in its formal ritual instead of being seen as part of a religion simply because one is a member of a particular family, village or ethnic group. Protestantism thus brought about a shift from community cult to that which one automatically belonged to a religious community by virtue of birth. These were constituted through and by the association and congregation of individuals in reaction to religious messages. There were risks that this associational model posed, both for the family and the church. Voluntary associations are often dynamic since people adopt and abandon group loyalties. Individuals may opt not to join the church which may result into members splitting and forming sects. The family thus lost the assurance that their children would be part of the same religious system as the parents and other adult relatives. These worries are more intense in the present time among the families that still participate actively in church. Both the church and the family thus devised a mutually beneficial sharing of roles. The parents’ role was to socialize their children so that they may be able to make personal decision for Christ and also to encourage one another in living out their own religious commitment. The role of the church on the other hand was to aid the family in this endeavor by supplying the structures and activities. The nuclear family was thus the mode through which protestant voluntarism was filtered rather than through a larger clan or ethnic grouping. A mutual relationship thus existed between the church and the family within the protestant community. The churches were to aid families to have healthy relationships and to raise well disciplined and religious children. Families on the other hand were expected to teach the children the doctrines of the church. This mutual relationship that existed between the family and the church was formalized in the Pretest ant America during the 1950s in the theory of Talcott Parsons. According to Parsons, the modern society had grown to become institutionally differentiated with the public fulfilling much of the roles that were traditionally under the sphere of the family. The basic role of the family had become expressive: satisfying emotional needs of its members, training the succeeding generation of the required values and discipline and comforting its members from the frustration got from the public arena. The family’s childrearing practice provides the mental model or plausibility structure which enables the children to become productive members of the society if these practices are internalized. Religion is thus assigned the status of home in the modern times understood as the abiding place of an individual’s affection rather than the physical space of the household. Love, expression, intimacy, subjectivity, irrationality, morality, spirituality and religion are all found within the sphere of home. According to Parson, the Church no longer had any direct influence on the values of the larger society. It could however assert indirect influence in aiding the parents to socialize their children and to achieve emotional satisfaction with each other (Parsons, 1960). This role is relevant in the modern society with its extensive impersonal government and industrial bureaucracies. The major function of the church and the family is thus to provide a lead in ascertaining a moral and just society through their teachings and practices. These theories have however been questioned by social scientists. Social scientists are doubtful of whether values and valued behavior are transmitted to the next generations by the church through the family. They also doubt whether family and churches should mediate community and intimacy in a dynamic and large scale society. This conception of church and church as havens from the contemporary society leads to three powerful by misleading conclusion. First, that modernity destroys the community morally; second, that the family and church have not been permeated by the larger cultural reorganizing process; and third, that the family and the church provide protection from the negative consequences of change (Green et al, 1823). The family and the church have dramatically changed according to these critics and the major question is the extent to which they will continue to satisfy this mutual bargain of protecting and passing on religious values and beliefs. The family has undergone dramatic changes over the last few decades. Today, the family is not what it used to be traditionally. Many couples are living together without marriage, many children are being raised by single parents, there is an increase in the rate of divorce and many individuals hardly ever live in families. Couples are having fewer children. Married women with young children are also likely to be working outside the home and quite a large percentage of preschool children are being taken care of outside the home. The marriage age has also gone up with quite a majority opting not to marry at all. Most families are being headed by single parents, in most cases the mother. These have been attributed to the effects of industrialization and modernity. In simple terms, the family of today is different from the family of the past decades. The question that one is bound to ask is the extent to which the church has adapted to these changes. This issue is complicated further by the fact that churches have also changed. The increased institutional fragmentation of the American society and the emergence of expressive individualism in the United States culture are among the causes of these changes (Conner, 2007). Another occurrence is the second de-establishment where each sphere of institution had developed its own set of normative system. Religion has thus become a means of personal fulfillment and integration owing to this isolation from any meaningful political, economic or moral responsibility within the public sphere. The power and authority of the church over the society has been lost (Carter, 2001). It has also lost its power and authority over individuals in the society and even over the people within it, the majority of whom can be described as in the church but not of the church. The church has thus become an institution of service which functions to help individuals achieve authenticity and transcendental subjectivity. Very few American Protestants have complete allegiance to a specific denomination. It has been found that individuals who marry and get children are more likely to increase their religious participation. Marriage may neutralize other factors which may result in disaffiliation. With this regard, the church and the family may be considered to have some form of link. This link may help in raising a moral society through active participation in church. Every individual belongs to a particular family and if these families can adopt the teachings of the church then moral decay cannot reach the levels that are seen today.